Those process which is important for the existence of life are known as life Processes.
Eg. Respiration, Digestion,Excretion etc.
NOTE Reproduction is not a life Process (as it do not deside the life and death of one organism. Instead it's long term absence impact on existence of one species.)
There are five life Processes
(I) Nutrition
(ii) Digestion
(iii) Respiration
(iv) Transportation
(v) Excretion
NUTRITION
the process of getting nutrients into body is known as nutrition.
Modes or nutrition
(I) Autotrophic nutrition
(ii) Heterotrophic nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition- the process by which an organism obtains food by processing (making) itself with the help of inorganic material such as air(CO2), sunlight, water etc.
Eg. only green plants.
Heterotrophic nutrition- the process by which an organism intake nutrients by obtaining from other organisms like plants and animals.
Eg. all animals and non green plants.
Types of heterotrophic nutrition.
(i) Saprotropic nutrition
(ii) parasitic nutrition
(iii) Holozoic nutrition
Saprotropic nutrition- the type of nutrition in which an organism break down the food outside the body and then intake.
* The organism having saprotropic mode of nutrition are called saprotropes
* They are also called decomposers who act as a cleaner of nature.
Eg. Mushroom (fungus) etc.
Parasitic nutrition- the type of nutrition in which an organism obtain it's food from other living organism without killing them.
Eg. Cuscuta, lice, leeches, etc
* The organism from which it derives food is called host
* Organism who follow this type of nutrition is called parasites
Holozoic nutrition- the type of nutrition in which an organism intake food and break (digest) inside the body is called holozoic nutrition.
Eg. human, deer, lion etc.
NUTRITION IN PLANTS
* It follows autotropic nutrition
* Makes food by the process of photosynthesis.
* the process of photosynthesis takes place in three steps-
(I) Absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and hydrolysis of water
(iv) Reduction of CO2 by hydrogen to form glucose and gives oxygen.
NUTRITION IN ANIMALS
* It follows holozoic nutrition
* steps involve in the process of nutrition in animals
(I) Ingestion- process of intake of food (nutrients)
(ii) Digestion- breaking down of food into simpler water soluble molecules
(iii) Absorption- the process in which the digested food passes through the intestinal wall into blood streem
(iv) Assimilation- the process in which energy is released by respiration and used in the growth, repair etc.
(v) Egestion- the process of getting out the undigested food out of the body.
Nutrition in Amoeba
* it follows holozoic nutrition
* The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis
* Paramecium also follows the same steps of nutrition as Amoeba
Ingestiopn
Amoeba intake food with the help of pseudopodia (a finger like protection) with some water.
Digestion
* A temporary vacuole is formed
* Enzymes enter into the vacuole from cytoplasm which help in breakdown of food.
* After digestion process completed the food vacuole disappear.
Absorption
Digested food itself absorbed into cytoplasm since there is a single cell.
Assimilatiom
By the process of respiration energy is released which further help in cell growth, cell division, it's movement etc.
Excretion
* There is no specific organ for Excretion in Amoeba
* When a considerable amount of waste material collected in Amoeba's body it's cell membrane suddenly ruptures and thrown out the waste into surroundings.
NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Organs involved- Mouth,Oesophagus (Food pipe), Stomach, Small intestine and large intestine.
Ingestion
Human intake food into their body from mouth with the help of hand.
Digestion
* In mouth
# Teeth break down the food into small pieces
# Tongue mixes saliva which makes food slippery (for easy movement in food pipe) and break down starch into sugar.
# The conversion of starch into glucose gives sweet taste.
# Saliva is a enzyme which is secreted by salivary gland which contain salivary amylase.
# Now digestion of food is completed in mouth. Then it passes through oesophagus (food pipe), reaches to the stomach.
# Walls of stomach start contraction and expansion which helps in pussing the food into stomach.
# This contraction and expansion is called peristaltic movement.
* In stomach
# Walls of stomach contain tubular gland which secrete gastric juice.
# The gastric juice contain three substances namely
(I) Hydrochloric Acid.
(II) Pepsin
(III) Mucus
Functions
HCL- (I) it makes the food medium acidic for effective work by enzyme Pepsin.
(ii) it kills the foreign microorganism which may enter into stomach along with food.
Pepsin- it break down the protein molecules
Mucus- it protect the stomach wall from the corrosive action of HCL.
# Now the partially digested food slightly passes into small intestine.
# The muscle which control the movement is called spincter muscle.
*In small intestine
It receive enzyme from three glands namely Liver, Pancreas and Small intestine.
Liver secrete bile juice which...
(I) convert acidic medium of food into alkaline medium for the effective work of pancreatic enzymes.
(ii) break down fats into small globules
Pancreas secrete pancreatic juice which contain pancreatic amalyse, trypsin, and lipase.
# Pancreatic amalyse- convert starch into sugar.
# Trypsin- break down proteins.
# Lipase- break down emulsified fats.
Intestinal wall secrete intestinal juice which contain enzymes....
These enzymes further convert carbohydrate into sugar, protein into amino acids and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Glucose, amino acids and glycerol are water soluble molecules.
Absorption
# Small intestine is site of absorption.
The inder membrane of small intestine has millions of finger like progestion called villi.
# Villi increases the surface area of absorption.
# Villi contain rich supply of blood vessels through absorption takes place.
Assimilation
By the process of respiration energy is released which help in growth, repair cuts or wound etc.
Excretion
# Undigested food enters into large intestine where most of the water is absorbed by villi (present on the walls of small intestine).
# Rectum store the undigested food for some time and when we go toilet, egested from the body.
# The exit if faeces is controlled by anal sphincter.
RESPIRATION
The process of releasing energy from food is called respiration.
Types of respiration
(I) Aerobic respiration
(ii) Anaerobic respiration
1. Aerobic respiration- the respiration which takes place in the presence of oxygen is called Aerobic respiration.
Eg. human, dogs, lions etc.
Complete breakdown of food is takes place.
site of Aerobic respiration- Mitochondria
38 molecules of ATP is released.
2. Anaerobic respiration- The respiration in which takes place in the absence of oxygen is called Anaerobic respiration.
Eg. yeast, bacteria etc.
partial breakdown of food takes place.
Site of anaerobic respiration- cytoplasm.
2 molecules of ATP is released.
NOTE animals obtain energy from Aerobic respiration but in case of vigorous exercise when oxygen is used up faster in the muscle cells than supplied by the blood respiration takes place in the lack of oxygen leads to form lactic acid which causes cramps in the muscles cells.
Difference between Respiration and Breathing
In simple unicellular animals like Amoeba, respiration takes place by simple diffusion.
Fishes have gills to take Oxygen dissolved in water.
NOTE the rate of breathing in aquatic organism is much faster than the terrestrial organism.
Respiration in Humans
Organs involved- Nose, Nasal passage, Trachea, Bronci, Lungs and Diaphragm.
* Alveoli is a pouch like structure found at the ends of bronchioles.
* the presence of alveoli in the Lungs provides a large surface area for the exchange of gasses.
TRANSPORT
* Transport is a system in which a substance absorbed in one part is carried out to the required parts of the body.
* It is important as no any individual cell indepedently move for essential substances such as oxygen, food, water etc. and also to excrete the waste product.
Transport in plants
Tissue which are responsible for the transportation in plants are Xylem and Phloem.
1. Xylem- it carries water and minerals.
In Xylem tissue, vessel and teachers of the roots, stem, and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water conducting channel.
2. Phloem- it carries food material which the plants makes.
The transport of soluble product of photosynthesis is called translocation
Mechanism of transport of water in plants
* At roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions this create a difference in the concentration of the ions between the roots of the soil.
this pressure by itself is unlikely to be enough to move water over the height.
* Transpiration create a suction force which further helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals.
Mechanism of transport of food in plants
* It takes place by utilising energy.
* The sugar (food) made in the leaves loaded into the sieve tube of Phloem tissue by using energy from ATP.
* Then water containing sugar enter by the process of osmosis and increase the pressure of the tissue.
* Now the other parts of the plant which needs foods have less pressure.
* This pressure difference cause movement of food to the required parts.
Transport in Humans
There are two types of transport system responsible for the transportation in Humans.
(I) Blood
(ii) Lymph
Blood
The main coponents of blood are:
(I) Plasma
(ii) RBC (Red Blood Cells)
(iii) WBC (White Blood Cells)
(iv) Platelets
* The liquid part of blood is called Plasma.
It carries substances such as proteins, digested food, waste product etc.
RBC, WBC and Platelets are immersed in the Plasma.
* RBC is red in colour due to presence of hemoglobin.
RBC carry oxygen from the Lungs to the other Cells of the body.
* WBC is called soldier of the body.
WBC fight with infection and protect us from diseases.
* Platelets helps in the clotting of blood whenever we get cuts or wound on our body.
Our pump - the heart
The heart is a muscular organ which is as big as our fist.
To transport both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, the heart is divided in chambers.
Heart is organ which pumps the blood.
Human circulatory system defined below:
* Here in one complete circulation, blood reaches to the heart by two times- one through pulmonary vein and second through vena cava. And this is called double circulation of blood.
* Double circulation of blood is necessary as:
(I) to regulate temperature of the body.
(ii) to provide sufficient energy aas required.
(iii) to carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood efficiently.
Lymph
* Capillaries have small pores and thin walls. this is why when blood passes through these capillaries, leaks and goes among the cells, called as tissue fluid/ lymph.
* some of the tissue fluid goes back to the Plasma but larger particles such as digested fats, large protein molecuoles, germs from the cells and fragment of dead cells enters into another type of tiny tubes called lymph capillaries.
Function of Lymph
* Lymph contains special type of WBC called lymphocytes which help in fighting infection and diseases.
* Lymph helps in removing the waste products like fragments of dead cells, etc.
EXCRETION
The process of removing of toxic waste from the body.
Excretion in Plants
Plants remove their waste by following methods:
(I) Gaseous waste product get rid through stomata and lenticels present in leaves and stem respectively.
(ii) Solid and liquid waste get rid by shedding of leaves, peeling of bark, and falling of fruits.
(iii) Sone waste get rid through gums and resins.
(iv) Some waste excrete into the soil around them.
Excretion in Human Beings
Organs involved-: Two kidney, Two ureters, Bladder and Urethra.
The function of kidney is to remove the poisonous substance urea, other waste, salts and excess water from the blood and excrete them in the form of a yellowish liquid called urine.
* Each kidney is made up of a large of excretory unit called nephron.
Structure of kidney
Ranal artery- it carries dirty blood or impure blood from body parts to the glomerulus.
Ranal vein- it carries pure blood from the kidney to the other parts of the body.
Ureter- it transports urine from kidney to the bladder.
Urinary bladder- it stores the urine transported by blood for some time.
Bowman's capsule- it stores the filtrate product like urea, glucose, amino acid separated by glomerulus.
Glomerulus- it separates the only small molecules of substances present in blood like amino acid, glucose, urea etc.
Tubule- it carries the filtrate and separate the useful substances like amino acid, glucose, some salts and water.
* Actually these substances are separated by blood capillaries in the tubule which further sent to the Ranal vein.
Working of human kidney
* Ranal artery carries dirty blood or impure blood and transport it to the glomerulus.
* Glomerulus filter the impure blood and pass only small molecules of substances like amino acid, urea, glucose, salts and water and store it as filtrate in the woman's capsule.
* Bowman's capsule then sent the filtrate into tubule where useful substances are separated by blood capillaries, present in in the tubule.
* Now waste substance like urea left in the tubule which goes into the collecting duct from where it is carried to the ureter.
* At last ureter carries the urine and store in bladder and when we goes toilet passed out of the body.
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